Heart Rate Variability and Non-Invasive Risk Stratification: Selected Bibliography

• Kaplan DT, Talajic M. Dynamics of heart rate. Chaos 1991;1:251-256.
• Malik M, Camm AJ, eds. Heart Rate Variability. Armonk, NY: Futura. 1995:369-392.
• Pieper SJ, Hammill SC. Heart rate variability: technique and investigational applications in cardiovascular medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:955-964.
• Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (Marek Malik, writing chairman.) Heart rate variability standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996;93:1043-1065.

• Huikuri HV, Mäkikallio TH, Airaksinen KEJ, Seppänen T, Puukka P, Räihä IJ, Sournader LB. Power-law relationship of heart rate variability as a predictor of mortality in the elderly. Circulation 1998, in press.
• Lipsitz LA, Mietus J, Moody GB, Goldberger AL. Spectral characteristics of heart rate variability before and during postural tilt. Relations to aging and risk of syncope. Circulation 1990;81:1803-1810.
• Räihä IJ, Piha SJ, Seppänen A, Puukka P, Sourander LB. Predictive value of continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in elderly subjects. Br Med J 1994;309:1263-1267.
• Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, Levy D. The Framingham Heart Study. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. Circulation 1994;90:878-883.

• Dougherty CM, Burr RL. Comparison of heart rate variability in survivors and nonsurvivors of sudden cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:441-448.
• Goldberger AL, Rigney DR, Mietus J, Antman EW, Greenwald S. Nonlinear dynamics in sudden cardiac death syndrome: heart rate oscillations and bifurcations. Experientia 1988;44:983-987.
• Huikuri HV, Linnaluoto MK, Seppänen T, Airaksinen KEJ, Kessler KM, Takkunen JT, Myerburg RJ. Circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in survivors of cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:610-615.
• Huikuri HV, Valkama JO, Airaksinen KEJ, Seppänen T, Kessler KM, Takkunen JT, Myerburg RJ. Frequency domain measures of heart rate variability before the onset of nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1993;87:1220-1228.
• Karagounis LA, Stein KM, Bair T, Albright D, Anderson JL, for the ESVEM Investigators. Fractal dimension predicts arrhythmia recurrence in patients being treated for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. J Electrocardiol 1995;28 [Suppl]:7 1 -73.
• Mäkikallio TH, Seppänen T, Airaksinen KEJ, Koistinen J, Tulppo MP, Peng C-K, Goldberger AL, Huikuri HV. Dynamic analysis of heart rate may predict subsequent ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997;80: 7 79-783.
• Martin GJ, Magid NM, Myers G, Barnett PS, Schaad JW, Weiss JS, Lesch M, Singer DH. Heart rate variability and sudden death secondary to coronary artery disease during ambulatory ECG monitoring. Am J Cardiol 1986;60:86-89.
• Myers GA, Martin GJ, Magid NM, Barnett PS, Schaad JW, Weiss JS, Lesch M, Singer DH. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in sudden cardiac death: comparison to other methods. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1986;33:1149-1156.
• Vybiral T, Glaeser DH, Goldberger AL, Rigney DR, Hess KR, Mietus J, Skinner JE, Francis M, Pratt CM. Conventional heart rate variability analysis of ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings fails to predict imminent ventricular fibrillation. J A m Coll Cardiol 1993;22:557-565.

• Counihan PJ, Fei L, Bashir Y, Farrel TG, Haywood GA, McKenna WJ. Assessment of heart rate variability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: association with clinical and prognostic features. Circulation 1993;88:1682-1690.
• Fauchier L, Babuty D, Cosnay P, Autret ML, Fauchier JP. Heart rate variability in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: characteristics and prognostic value. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1009-1014.
• Ho KKL, Moody GB, Peng C-K, Mietus JE, Larson MG, Levy D, Goldberger AL. Predicting survival in heart failure case and control subjects by use of fully automated methods for deriving nonlinear and conventional indices of heart rate dynamics. Circ u lation 1997;96:842-848.
• Jiang W, Hathaway WR, McNulty S, Larsen RL, Hansley KL, Zhang Y, O’Connor CM. Ability of heart rate variability to predict prognosis in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:808-811.
• Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Chua TP, Szelemej R, Piepoli M, Adamopoulos S, Webb-Peploe K, Harrington D, Banasiak W, Wrabec K, Coats AJ. Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1645-1650.
• Saul JP, Arai Y, Berger RD, Lily LS, Wilson S, Colucci WS, Cohen RJ. Assessment of autonomic regulation in chronic congestive heart failure by the heart rate spectral analysis. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1292-1299.
• Woo MA, Stevenson WG, Moser DK, Middlekauff HR. Complex heart rate variability and serum norepinephrine levels in patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:565-569.

• Mäkikallio TH, Ristimäe T, Airaksinen KEJ, Peng C-K, Goldberger AL, Huikuri HV. Heart rate dynamics in patients with stable angina pectoris and utility of fractal and complexity measures. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:27-31.
• Pardo Y, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador M, Velasquez I, Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ, Krantz DS, Rozanski A, Klein J, Peter T. Heart rate variability reproducibility and stability using commercially available equipment in coronary artery disease with daily life myo c ardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:866-870.
• Rich MW, Saini JS, Kleiger RE, Carney RM, teVelde A, Freedland KE. Correlation of heart rate variability with clinical and angiographic variables and late mortality after coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:714-717.

• Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Stein KM, Moreno FL, Ledingham R,Hallstrom A, for the CAST Investigators. Predictive value for future arrhythmic events of fractal dimension, a measure of time clustering of ventricular premature complexes, after myocardia l infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:226-232.
• Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN. Correlations among time and frequency domain measures of heart period variability two weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:891-898.
• Bigger JT Jr, Fliess JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN. Frequency domanin measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992;85:164-171.
• Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:927-934.
• Bigger JT Jr, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC, Fleiss JL. Predicting mortality after myocardial infarction from the response of RR variability to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:733-740.
• Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Fei L, Camm AJ, Malik M. Predictive power of increased heart rate versus depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-y e ar follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:270-276.
• Dabrowski A, Kramarz, Piotrowicz R. Low variability of cycle lengths in nonsustained ventricular tachycardia as an independent predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:1347-1350.
• Faber TS, Staunton A, Hnatkova K, Camm AJ, Malik M. Stepwise strategy of using short-and long-term heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:1845-1851.
• Farrell TG, Bashir Y, Cripps T, Malik M, Poloniecki J, Bennett ED, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averag e d electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:687-697.
• Fei L, Copie X, Malik M, Camm AJ. Short- and long-term assessment of heart rate variability for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:681-684.
• Gomes JA, Winters SL, Ip J, Tepper D, Kjellgren O. Identification of patients with high risk of arrhythmic mortality. Role of ambulatory monitoring, signal-averaged ECG, and heart rate variability. Cardiol Clin 1993;11:55-63.
• Hartikainen JE, Malik M, Staunton A, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Distinction between arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction based on heart rate variability, signal-averaged electrocardiograms, ventricular arrhythmias, and lef t ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:296-304.
• Huikuri HV, Seppänen T, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen KEJ, Ikäheimo MJ, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Abnormalities in beat-to-beat dynamics of heart rate before the spontaneous onset of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients wi t h prior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;93:1836-1844.
• Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr, Moss AJ, and the Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group. Decreased Heart Rate Variability and its Association with Increased Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:256-262.
• La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) I n vestigators. Lancet 1998;351:478-484.
• Lombardi F, Sandrone G, Mortara A, Torzillo D, La Rovere MT, Signorini MG, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Linear and nonlinear dynamics of heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction with normal and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. < I >Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1283-1288.
• Malik M, Farrell T, Camm AJ. Circadian rhythm of heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction and its influence on the prognostic value of heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1049-1054.
• Odemuyiwa O, Malik M, Farrell T, Bashir Y, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Comparison of the predictive characteristics of heart rate variability index and left ventricular ejection fraction for all-cause mortality, arrhythmic events and sudden death after ac u te myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:434-439..
• Quintana M, Lindvall K, Brolund F, Storck N, Lindblad LE, Ryden L. Markers of risk after acute myocardial infarction. A comparison of clinical variables, ambulatory and exercise electrocardiography, echocardiography, and stress echocardiography. Coron Artery Dis 1997;8:327-334.
• Reinhardt L, Makijarvi M, Fetsch T, Schulte G, Sierra G, Martinez-Rubio A, Montonen J, Katila T, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G. Noninvasive risk modeling after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:627-632.
• Sandrone G, Mortara A, Torzillo D, La Rovere MT, Malliani A, Lombardi F. Effects of beta blockers (atenolol or metoprolol) on heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:340-345.
• Singh N, Mironov D, Armstrong PW, Ross AM, Langer A. Heart rate variability assessment early after acute myocardial infarction. Pathophysiological and prognostic correlates. GUSTO ECG Substudy Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Arteries. Circulation 1996;93:1388-1395.
• Stein KM, Bores JS, Hochreites C, Okin PM, Herrold EM, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Prognostic value and physiological correlates of heart rate variability in chronic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1993;88:127-135.
• Voss A, Kurths J, Kleiner HJ, Witt A, Wessel N, Saparin P, Osterziel KJ, Schurath R, Dietz R. The application of methods of non-linear dynamics for the improved and predictive recognition of patients threatened by sudden cardiac death. Cardiovasc Res 1996;31:419-433.
• Voss A, Hnatkova K, Wessel N, Kurths J, Sander A, Schirdewan A, Camm AJ, Malik M. Multiparametric analysis of heart rate variability used for risk stratification among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 2 1:186-192.
• Wolf MM, Varigos GA, Hunt D, Sloman JG. Sinus arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction. Med J Australia 1978;2:52-53.
• Zuanetti G, Neilson JM, Latini R, Santoro E, Maggioni AP, Ewing DJ. Prognostic significance of heart rate variability in post-myocardial infarction patients in the fibrinolytic era. The GISSI-2 results. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravviv e nza nell’ Infarto Miocardico. Circulation 1996;94:432-436.

• Bauer T, Ewig S, Schafer H, Jelen E, Luderitz B. Heart rate variability in patients with sleep associated breathing disorders. Pneumologie 1997;51:736-739. (Published in German.)
• Ivanov P Ch, Rosenblum MG, Peng C-K, Mietus J, Havlin S, Stanley HE, Goldberger AL. Scaling behaviour of heartbeat intervals obtained by wavelet-based time-series analysis. Nature 1996;383:323-327.

• Stein KM, Borer JS, Hochreiter C, Okin PM, Herrold EM, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Prognostic value and physiological correlates of heart rate variability in chronic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1993;88:127-135.

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